Where does the jade from the ancient Shu Kingdom come from?

三星堆出土的玉器

Jade unearthed from Sanxingdui

Liangzhu Yuxi is a kind of ritual instrument, which represents a purely conceptual form, and the number of jade unearthed in the Jinsha village site is quite large, indicating that there is a connection between the end of the Yangtze River.

The jade culture of China is the first to rise from the east and then gradually move westward. When the jade was discovered in the Sichuan area, the Central Plains area was already in the commercial culture period.

Another important archaeological find in the remains of the Sanxingdui and Jinsha remains is the unearthing of a large number of jade articles. Jade has a high status in Chinese traditional culture. In traditional culture, there is a saying that “the virtue of a gentleman is as beautiful as jade”.

Sanxingdui jade cone, Jinsha Yuxi's "good style"

Jiang Zhanghua, deputy director of the Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, introduced three jade articles unearthed at No. 5 Tomb of Rensheng Village, Sanxingdui, which is a typical Liangzhu culture jade. In the article "The Tomb of the Nengkeng in Rensheng Village, Sanxingdui Site, Guanghan City, Sichuan Province", the Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology wrote a detailed list of 61 jade artifacts unearthed.

For example, the age of the tombs of Rensheng Village was in the period of the first and second phases of the Sanxingdui site, and the important areas were in the Erlitou culture period. The staff involved in the excavation wrote: Among the jade articles unearthed from the Tomb of Tomb in Rensheng Village, there are three jade cones similar to the jade cones of Liangzhu Culture.

The excavation of the earthen pit tomb of Rensheng Village was excavated from January to June 1998. It was the earliest batch of jade artifacts from the time of the unearthed in the Chengdu Plain, and other Sanxingdui cultural relics that were later unearthed from the remains of the Tukeng Tomb in Birensheng Village. Among the cultural relics of the Twelve Bridges, there are other jade articles with Liangzhu style unearthed. For example, in the southern suburbs of Chengdu, the jade was unearthed. The Shang Dynasty-shaped jade bracelet unearthed from the Zhenwu Village in Guanghan, Sichuan, and the jade-shaped jade bracelet unearthed from the Sanxingdui relics all have the style of Liangzhu culture. The most famous one is a carved jade unearthed from the Jinsha site.

Liu Bin, an archaeologist at the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, gave a detailed description of the jade in the follow-up of Liangzhu Culture and Jinsha Jade: "The whole is a rectangular cylinder, the outer circle is round, the upper and the lower are small. There are nozzles at both ends and vertical slots on all sides. The production is very standard. The upper and lower sections are divided into ten sections. Each section is engraved with a simplified emblem on the central axis. On each bump that symbolizes the crest and nose, The details of the Yinxian performance. The overall shape and emblem of the jade are typical Liangzhu styles.

Jiang Zhanghua introduced that Liangzhu Yuxi is a kind of ritual instrument, which represents a purely conceptual form, and the number of jade unearthed in the Jinsha Village site is quite large, indicating that there is a connection between the end of the Yangtze River. This connection is also important evidence for the exchange of the two.

Jade culture, advance from east to west

Liangzhu culture is a point that can't be avoided in prehistoric jade. Jade culture has a long history of development in Chinese culture. The famous scholar Fei Xiaotong paid close attention to Chinese jade culture and knowledge during his lifetime. He mentioned in the "Chinese ancient jade and the multi-integration of the Chinese nation" that the prehistoric jade articles in China are concentrated in six regions: the northern region, the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River, The lower reaches of the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the southern regions.

Among them, the earliest jade articles were unearthed in the Liaohe River Basin in the northern region, and the Xinglong culture before the Hongshan culture was about 8,000 years ago. In the Taihu Lake area in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, jade was used extensively about 7,000 years ago and it has continued to develop into the Liangzhu culture period. It is also very beautiful in the Liangzhu culture: there are many kinds and various shapes, and there are many techniques such as hollowing out and embossing, which are very beautiful.

Judging from the development time of jade articles in various places, Fei Xiaotong concluded that the first to rise was the Hongshan culture jade, and then Liangzhu culture stood out and dominated the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Later, Dawenkou-Longshan in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Culture has become a new center of Saitama. After that, the Taosi culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the jade articles of the Shijiahe culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are also quite eye-catching.

From this time change and geographical distribution, He Yuyu, an archaeologist at the Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, believes that Chinese jade culture is the first to rise from the east and then gradually move westward. When the jade was discovered in the Sichuan area, the Central Plains area was already in the commercial culture period. This shows that the spread of jade culture at that time has gone through a period of time.

From Liangzhu to Longshan ancients love jade "not the same"

Scholars unearthed the characteristics of jade articles from different cultures to trace their evolution and spread. Liu Bin also mentioned in the follow-up of Liangzhu Culture and Jinsha Jade Article that the jade unearthed in the site of the Taosi Temple in the second section of Shanxi Province is in line with the jade of Liangzhu Culture, and there is also a V-shaped stone knife with a diagonal handle. The unique stone type of 渚 culture. Looking west, the Yan'an and Shenmu sarcophagus in northern Shaanxi have all appeared in the jade ware of Liangzhu culture style, which properly shows the mainstream direction of the spread to the northwest.

The time continued, and in the sites of the Xia and Shang dynasties such as Erlitou and Yinxu, the jade and jade from Liangzhu culture were also discovered. The jade style of Liangzhu Culture directly or indirectly affects the development and style of the entire Chinese jade culture.

Another example of the mutual exchange and development between prehistoric cultures is the spread of gums. Jiang Zhanghua wrote an article on "The Two Sides of the Ginger", which is devoted to this issue. What does the gum look like? It's a long blade, and it's easy to see it as a knife. Its head end is a concave or concave curved or oblique V-shaped, with fangs on both sides.

At present, gums have been unearthed in many places: Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Hong Kong and Vietnam have been unearthed. "Although the age and characteristics of the unearthed are different, they can be divided into two categories: one is a group of teeth, and the other is a group of teeth." Jiang Zhanghua introduced.

He said that it is interesting to note that the land points of these two types of gums also have obvious laws: the distribution of single teeth in Shandong, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong and Vietnam; the distribution of double teeth in Henan, In Sichuan, Vietnam and other places, there are few discoveries in Fujian and Guangdong.

Jiang Zhanghua said that from the evidence of archaeological excavations in all aspects, the origin of the gums should be in the Yellow River Basin, and the gums in southern China are transmitted from the Yellow River Basin. And this communication mainly has two routes, one is the east line and the other is the west line. From the Shandong, Shaanxi, and Henan provinces of the Yellow River Basin, the east line enters Hubei and Hunan in the Yangtze River basin and continues to the south to Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Vietnam. The west line enters the Sichuan Basin from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and then enters the Sichuan Basin from the Sichuan Basin. .

We can speculate from these two lines that the ancestors of prehistoric times exchanged and developed along the same path. The Sichuan Basin and Vietnam had direct or indirect links at the time.

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